Palabras clave
Gobernanza blockchain
Descentralización
Mecanismos de consenso
Organizaciones autónomas descentralizadas
Descentralización
Mecanismos de consenso
Organizaciones autónomas descentralizadas
Cómo citar
Romero Apo, I. (2026). Hacia un marco teórico integrado para la gobernanza de Sistemas Blockchain: Dimensiones, modelos y compensaciones en redes públicas y privadas. Revista Latinoamericana De Difusión Científica, 8(15), 688-713. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21607555
Resumen
La gobernanza de los sistemas blockchain constituye un problema teórico no resuelto que condiciona la legitimidad, la seguridad y la sostenibilidad de las infraestructuras de registro distribuido. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es construir un marco teórico integrado que articule, de manera coherente, las dimensiones técnica, económica y legal-social de la gobernanza, superando la fragmentación analítica que separa los mecanismos internos a la cadena (on-chain) de los procesos de coordinación humana externos (off-chain). El método, cualitativo y sistemático, siguió las directrices PRISMA 2020 para sintetizar treinta y seis estudios primarios indexados, organizados según una taxonomía de capas y arquetipos de coordinación, contrastando las soluciones de redes públicas y permisionadas. Los hallazgos revelan que ambos paradigmas resuelven de forma inversa una tensión estructural entre descentralización política, eficiencia operativa y resiliencia de seguridad, tensión que se conceptualiza como un trilema de la gobernanza. Las redes públicas maximizan la resistencia a la censura a costa de la concentración plutocrática del poder de voto y de la exposición a ataques de manipulación económica; las redes privadas optimizan la eficiencia y la rendición de cuentas a costa de la centralización y del riesgo de captura. El marco propuesto formaliza un flujo dinámico tripartito que conduce toda propuesta de cambio desde la deliberación social, pasando por la validación económica, hasta la ejecución técnica. Se concluye que la gobernanza no es un atributo binario sino un continuo multidimensional, y se proponen tres preguntas de investigación abiertas como agenda futura.
Citas
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Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Motepalli, S. & Jacobsen, H. (2023). How does stake distribution influence consensus? Analyzing blockchain decentralization [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13938
Motepalli, S., Garg, N., Zhang, G. & Jacobsen, H. (2025). GPoS: Geospatially-aware proof of stake [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02034
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A. & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
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Qian, P., Cao, R., Liu, Z., Li, W., Li, M., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Chen, J. & He, Q. (2023). Empirical review of smart contract and DeFi security: Vulnerability detection and automated repair [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.02391
Quan, Y., Wu, X., Deng, W. & Zhang, L. (2023). Decoding social sentiment in DAO: A comparative analysis of blockchain governance communities [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.14676
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Saad, M., Spaulding, J., Njilla, L., Kamhoua, C., Shetty, S., Nyang, D. & Mohaisen, A. (2019). Exploring the attack surface of blockchain: A systematic overview [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.03487
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Wang, Z., Pu, F., Cheung, V. & Hao, R. (2025). Balancing security and liquidity: A time-weighted snapshot framework for DAO governance voting [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00888
Wu, S., Wang, D., He, J., Zhou, Y., Wu, L., Yuan, X., He, Q. & Ren, K. (2021). DeFiRanger: Detecting price manipulation attacks on DeFi applications [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.15068
Wu, K. W. (2024). Strengthening DeFi security: A static analysis approach to flash loan vulnerabilities [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.01230
Yan, T., Li, S., Kraner, B., Zhang, L. & Tessone, C. J. (2024). Analyzing reward dynamics and decentralization in Ethereum 2.0: An advanced data engineering workflow and comprehensive datasets for proof-of-stake incentives [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11170
Yao, W., Deek, F. P., Murimi, R. & Wang, G. (2021). SoK: A taxonomy for critical analysis of consensus mechanisms in consortium blockchain [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12058
Yiu, N. C. K. (2021). An overview of forks and coordination in blockchain development [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.10006
Ziegler, C. & DuPont, Q. (2023). Navigating the research landscape of decentralized autonomous organizations: A research note and agenda [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.17197
Amanatidis, G., Birmpas, G., Lazos, P. & Marmolejo-Cossío, F. J. (2022). Decentralised update selection with semi-strategic experts [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08407
Androulaki, E., Barger, A., Bortnikov, V., Cachin, C., Christidis, K., De Caro, A., Enyeart, D., Ferris, C., Laventman, G., Manevich, Y., Muralidharan, S., Murthy, C., Nguyen, B., Sethi, M., Singh, G., Smith, K., Sorniotti, A., Stathakopoulou, C., Vukolić, M., … Yellick, J. (2018). Hyperledger Fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.10228
Austgen, J., Fábrega, A., Allen, S., Babel, K., Kelkar, M. & Juels, A. (2023). DAO decentralization: Voting-bloc entropy, bribery, and dark DAOs [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03530
Brotsis, S., Kolokotronis, N., Limniotis, K. & Shiaeles, S. (2021). On the security of permissioned blockchain solutions for IoT applications [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03621
Cao, S., Miller, T., Foth, M., Powell, W., Boyen, X. & Turner-Morris, C. (2021). Integrating on-chain and off-chain governance for supply chain transparency and integrity [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.08455
Chen, Z., Beillahi, S. M. & Long, F. (2022). FlashSyn: Flash loan attack synthesis via counter example driven approximation [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.10708
De Angelis, S. (2018). Assessing security and performances of consensus algorithms for permissioned blockchains [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.03490
Gómez Vargas, M., Galeano Higuita, C. & Jaramillo Muñoz, D. A. (2015). El estado del arte: Una metodología de investigación. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 6(2), 423-442. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=497856275012
Jung, S., Yoo, Y., Yang, G. & Yoo, C. (2025). Prediction of permissioned blockchain performance for resource scaling configurations [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15769
Khan, N., Ahmad, T., Patel, A. & State, R. (2020). Blockchain governance: An overview and prediction of optimal strategies using Nash equilibrium [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.09241
Kiayias, A., Koutsoupias, E., Marmolejo-Cossio, F. & Stouka, A. (2024). Balancing participation and decentralization in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.08686
Kitzler, S., Balietti, S., Saggese, P., Haslhofer, B. & Strohmaier, M. (2023). The governance of decentralized autonomous organizations: A study of contributors' influence, networks, and shifts in voting power [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.14232
Kivilo, S., Norta, A., Hattingh, M., Avanzo, S. & Pennella, L. (2026). Designing a token economy: Incentives, governance, and tokenomics [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09608
Klenik, A. & Kocsis, I. (2021). Porting a benchmark with a classic workload to blockchain: TPC-C on Hyperledger Fabric [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.11277
Lamberty, R., Poddey, A., Galindo, D., de Waard, D., Koelbel, T. & Kirste, D. (2020). Efficiency in digital economies, , a primer on tokenomics [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02538
Liu, Y., Lu, Q., Yu, G., Paik, H. & Zhu, L. (2021). Defining blockchain governance principles: A comprehensive framework [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.13374
Liu, Y., Lu, Q., Yu, G., Paik, H., Perera, H. & Zhu, L. (2022). A pattern language for blockchain governance [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.00268
Mamageishvili, A. & Schlegel, J. C. (2020). Mechanism design and blockchains [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02390
Miranda Beltrán, S. & Ortiz Bernal, J. A. (2020). Los paradigmas de la investigación: Un acercamiento teórico para reflexionar desde el campo de la investigación educativa. RIDE. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, 11(21), e113. https://doi.org/10.23913/ride.v11i21.717
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Motepalli, S. & Jacobsen, H. (2023). How does stake distribution influence consensus? Analyzing blockchain decentralization [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13938
Motepalli, S., Garg, N., Zhang, G. & Jacobsen, H. (2025). GPoS: Geospatially-aware proof of stake [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02034
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A. & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Okutan, B. A., Schmid, S. & Pignolet, Y. (2025). Democracy for DAOs: An empirical study of decentralized governance and dynamic (case study Internet Computer SNS ecosystem) [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20234
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pahari, V., Chandrasekaran, B., Messias, J., Gummadi, K. P. & Dash, A. (2026). On the centralization of governance power in decentralized autonomous organizations [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25959
Qian, P., Cao, R., Liu, Z., Li, W., Li, M., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Chen, J. & He, Q. (2023). Empirical review of smart contract and DeFi security: Vulnerability detection and automated repair [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.02391
Quan, Y., Wu, X., Deng, W. & Zhang, L. (2023). Decoding social sentiment in DAO: A comparative analysis of blockchain governance communities [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.14676
Ramos-Galarza, C. (2020). Los alcances de una investigación. CienciAmérica, 9(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i3.336
Saad, M., Spaulding, J., Njilla, L., Kamhoua, C., Shetty, S., Nyang, D. & Mohaisen, A. (2019). Exploring the attack surface of blockchain: A systematic overview [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.03487
Sharma, T., Kwon, Y., Pongmala, K., Wang, H., Miller, A., Song, D. & Wang, Y. (2023). Unpacking how decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) work in practice [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09822
Sun, X., Chen, X., Stasinakis, C. & Sermpinis, G. (2022). Voter coalitions and democracy in decentralized finance: Evidence from MakerDAO [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11203
Toyoda, K. (2022). Web3 meets behavioral economics: An example of profitable crypto lottery mechanism design [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03664
Wang, D., Wu, S., Lin, Z., Wu, L., Yuan, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, H. & Ren, K. (2020). Towards a first step to understand flash loan and its applications in DeFi ecosystem [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12252
Wang, Z., Pu, F., Cheung, V. & Hao, R. (2025). Balancing security and liquidity: A time-weighted snapshot framework for DAO governance voting [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00888
Wu, S., Wang, D., He, J., Zhou, Y., Wu, L., Yuan, X., He, Q. & Ren, K. (2021). DeFiRanger: Detecting price manipulation attacks on DeFi applications [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.15068
Wu, K. W. (2024). Strengthening DeFi security: A static analysis approach to flash loan vulnerabilities [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.01230
Yan, T., Li, S., Kraner, B., Zhang, L. & Tessone, C. J. (2024). Analyzing reward dynamics and decentralization in Ethereum 2.0: An advanced data engineering workflow and comprehensive datasets for proof-of-stake incentives [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11170
Yao, W., Deek, F. P., Murimi, R. & Wang, G. (2021). SoK: A taxonomy for critical analysis of consensus mechanisms in consortium blockchain [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12058
Yiu, N. C. K. (2021). An overview of forks and coordination in blockchain development [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.10006
Ziegler, C. & DuPont, Q. (2023). Navigating the research landscape of decentralized autonomous organizations: A research note and agenda [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.17197
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