Palabras clave
Polímeros
Plásticos
Tratamiento de desechos
Nanotecnología
Plásticos
Tratamiento de desechos
Nanotecnología
Cómo citar
Cota Mamani, S. (2026). Remoción de boro en agua destinada al consumo humano mediante ósmosis inversa: Avances tecnológicos y perspectivas de aplicación en el Lago Titicaca, Bolivia. Revista Latinoamericana De Difusión Científica, 8(15), 499-516. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21523283
Resumen
El PET (tereftalato de polietileno) es uno de los polímeros termoplásticos más populares y utilizados en todo el mundo debido a su versatilidad, durabilidad y propiedades únicas, lo que le ha permitido ser ampliamente utilizado en varios ámbitos, siendo uno de ellos para fabricar envases y embalajes. Sin embargo, y derivado también de su amplio uso, el PET enfrenta grandes desafíos y problemas ambientales, desde su acumulación como un residuo hasta la falta de una cultura e infraestructura de reciclaje, lo que genera problemas ambientales. Este artículo presenta dos técnicas mecánicas como alternativas para darle un valor agregado al PET (tratamiento de desechos), primero, el electrospinning, del que se pueden obtener nanofibras con aplicaciones en diversas áreas; segundo, el spincoating, con la finalidad de obtener películas delgadas que pueden ser utilizadas como materia prima para otros productos. Se destacan los avances, ventajas y desafíos como el uso de solventes tóxicos, la necesidad de condiciones precisas y las limitaciones en la producción a gran escala, que aun con estos desafíos estas técnicas son una gran oportunidad para el aprovechamiento y reciclaje de plástico que no solo fomentan la sostenibilidad, sino que también abren nuevas oportunidades para el aprovechamiento de un residuo en aplicaciones industriales, dando un valor agregado a un residuo generado.
Citas
Agashichev, S., & Osman, E. (2016). Low pressure RO for boron elimination: impact of pH on the degree of rejection of boron and monovalent ions. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(10), 4701–4707. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.995138
Ajali-Hernández, N. I., Ruiz-Garćıa, A., & Travieso-González, C. M. (2024). ANN based-model for estimating the boron permeability coefficient as boric acid in SWRO desalination plants using ensemble-based machine learning. Desalination, 573. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESAL.2023.117180
Alkhudhiri, A., Darwish, N. Bin, Hakami, M. W., Abdullah, A., Alsadun, A., & Homod, H. A. (2020). Boron removal by membrane distillation: A comparison study. Membranes, 10(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100263
ALT. (2014). Evaluación de la calidad del agua del Lago Titicaca Perú - Bolivia (Informe de monitoreo mes de marzo 2014).
Bao, X., Long, W., Liu, H., & She, Q. (2021). Boron and salt ion transport in electrically assisted reverse osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, 637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119639
Escarabajal-Henarejos, D., Parras-Burgos, D., Ávila-Dávila, L., Cánovas-Rodríguez, F. J., & Molina-Martínez, J. M. (2021). Study of the influence of temperature on boron concentration estimation in desalinated seawater for agricultural irrigation. Water (Switzerland), 13(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030322
Güler, E., Kaya, C., Kabay, N., & Arda, M. (2015). Boron removal from seawater: State-of-the-art review. In Desalination (Vol. 356, pp. 85–93). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.009
Hasson, D., Shemer, H., Brook, I., Zaslavschi, I., Semiat, R., Bartels, C., & Wilf, M. (2011). Scaling propensity of seawater in RO boron removal processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 384(1–2), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.027
Hilal, N., Kim, G. J., & Somerfield, C. (2011). Boron removal from saline water: A comprehensive review. In Desalination (Vol. 273, Number 1, pp. 23–35). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.012
Huertas, E., Herzberg, M., Oron, G., Elimelech, M., & Xxiii, J. (2008). Influence of biofouling on boron removal by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 318, 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.02.053
Hyung, H., & Kim, J. H. (2006). A mechanistic study on boron rejection by sea water reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 286(1–2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2006.09.043
Li, Y., Wang, S., Song, X., Zhou, Y., Shen, H., Cao, X., Zhang, P., & Gao, C. (2020). High boron removal polyamide reverse osmosis membranes by swelling induced embedding of a sulfonyl molecular plug. Journal of Membrane Science, 597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117716
Ma, Y., You, Y., Wang, L., Yang, G., Qin, S., Su, Y., Singh, M., Lu, J., Liu, D., & Lei, W. (2025). ANF/BN thin-film composite membranes for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 735. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2025.124540
Magni, M., Jones, E. R., Bierkens, M. F. P., & van Vliet, M. T. H. (2025). Global energy consumption of water treatment technologies. Water Research, 277. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2025.123245
Mane, P. P., Park, P. K., Hyung, H., Brown, J. C., & Kim, J. H. (2009). Modeling boron rejection in pilot- and full-scale reverse osmosis desalination processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 338(1–2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.04.014
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
Najid, N., Fellaou, S., Kouzbour, S., Gourich, B., & Ruiz-García, A. (2021). Energy and environmental issues of seawater reverse osmosis desalination considering boron rejection: A comprehensive review and a case study of exergy analysis. In Process Safety and Environmental Protection (Vol. 156, pp. 373–390). Institution of Chemical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.10.014
NB-512. (2004). Norma Boliviana NB 512 Agua Potable-Requisitos MINISTERIO DE SERVICIOS Y OBRAS PÚBLICAS VICEMINISTERIO DE SERVICIOS BÁSICOS.
Nir, O., Herzberg, M., & Lahav, O. (2013). A new, energy-efficient approach for boron removal from SWRO plants. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(7–9), 1651–1656. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.698801
Prats, D., Chillon-Arias, M. F., & Rodriguez-Pastor, M. (2000). Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis. In Desalination (Vol. 128). www.elsevier.com/locate/desal
Princi, M. P., Lupini, A., Araniti, F., Longo, C., Mauceri, A., Sunseri, F., & Abenavoli, M. R. (2016). Boron Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant Metal Interaction, 115–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803158-2.00005-9
Ruiz-García, A., & Nuez, I. (2021). Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107441
Shocron, A. N., Uwayid, R., Guyes, E. N., Dykstra, J. E., & Suss, M. E. (2023a). Order-of-magnitude enhancement in boron removal by membrane-free capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142722
Shocron, A. N., Uwayid, R., Guyes, E. N., Dykstra, J. E., & Suss, M. E. (2023b). Order-of-magnitude enhancement in boron removal by membrane-free capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142722
Soto-Ramírez, R., Barrientos, N., Videla, S., & Chamy, R. (2025). Improving irrigation water quality using a pilot algal treatment system: A case study from northern Chile. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101281
Tagliabue, M., de Folly d’Auris, A., Pacini, A., Bellettato, M., Marra, G., Perucchini, S., Mazzara, C., Lagrotta, E., & Vocciante, M. (2025). Effect of Sulfoaluminate Clinker Addition on Boron Removal During Water Softening. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168890
Xu, J., Gao, X., Chen, G., Zou, L., & Gao, C. (2010). High performance boron removal from seawater by two-pass SWRO system with different membranes. Water Supply, 10(3), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2010.397
Yavuz, E., Arar, Ö., Yüksel, M., Yüksel, Ü., & Kabay, N. (2013a). Removal of boron from geothermal water by RO system-II-effect of pH. Desalination, 310, 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.044
Yavuz, E., Arar, Ö., Yüksel, M., Yüksel, Ü., & Kabay, N. (2013b). Removal of boron from geothermal water by RO system-II-effect of pH. Desalination, 310, 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.044
Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Dong, M., Li, M., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Boron removal by iron-aluminum combined anodes from fracturing flowback fluid: Advantages and mechanisms. Desalination and Water Treatment, 317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100127
Ajali-Hernández, N. I., Ruiz-Garćıa, A., & Travieso-González, C. M. (2024). ANN based-model for estimating the boron permeability coefficient as boric acid in SWRO desalination plants using ensemble-based machine learning. Desalination, 573. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESAL.2023.117180
Alkhudhiri, A., Darwish, N. Bin, Hakami, M. W., Abdullah, A., Alsadun, A., & Homod, H. A. (2020). Boron removal by membrane distillation: A comparison study. Membranes, 10(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100263
ALT. (2014). Evaluación de la calidad del agua del Lago Titicaca Perú - Bolivia (Informe de monitoreo mes de marzo 2014).
Bao, X., Long, W., Liu, H., & She, Q. (2021). Boron and salt ion transport in electrically assisted reverse osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, 637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119639
Escarabajal-Henarejos, D., Parras-Burgos, D., Ávila-Dávila, L., Cánovas-Rodríguez, F. J., & Molina-Martínez, J. M. (2021). Study of the influence of temperature on boron concentration estimation in desalinated seawater for agricultural irrigation. Water (Switzerland), 13(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030322
Güler, E., Kaya, C., Kabay, N., & Arda, M. (2015). Boron removal from seawater: State-of-the-art review. In Desalination (Vol. 356, pp. 85–93). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.009
Hasson, D., Shemer, H., Brook, I., Zaslavschi, I., Semiat, R., Bartels, C., & Wilf, M. (2011). Scaling propensity of seawater in RO boron removal processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 384(1–2), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.027
Hilal, N., Kim, G. J., & Somerfield, C. (2011). Boron removal from saline water: A comprehensive review. In Desalination (Vol. 273, Number 1, pp. 23–35). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.012
Huertas, E., Herzberg, M., Oron, G., Elimelech, M., & Xxiii, J. (2008). Influence of biofouling on boron removal by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 318, 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.02.053
Hyung, H., & Kim, J. H. (2006). A mechanistic study on boron rejection by sea water reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 286(1–2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2006.09.043
Li, Y., Wang, S., Song, X., Zhou, Y., Shen, H., Cao, X., Zhang, P., & Gao, C. (2020). High boron removal polyamide reverse osmosis membranes by swelling induced embedding of a sulfonyl molecular plug. Journal of Membrane Science, 597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117716
Ma, Y., You, Y., Wang, L., Yang, G., Qin, S., Su, Y., Singh, M., Lu, J., Liu, D., & Lei, W. (2025). ANF/BN thin-film composite membranes for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 735. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2025.124540
Magni, M., Jones, E. R., Bierkens, M. F. P., & van Vliet, M. T. H. (2025). Global energy consumption of water treatment technologies. Water Research, 277. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2025.123245
Mane, P. P., Park, P. K., Hyung, H., Brown, J. C., & Kim, J. H. (2009). Modeling boron rejection in pilot- and full-scale reverse osmosis desalination processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 338(1–2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.04.014
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
Najid, N., Fellaou, S., Kouzbour, S., Gourich, B., & Ruiz-García, A. (2021). Energy and environmental issues of seawater reverse osmosis desalination considering boron rejection: A comprehensive review and a case study of exergy analysis. In Process Safety and Environmental Protection (Vol. 156, pp. 373–390). Institution of Chemical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.10.014
NB-512. (2004). Norma Boliviana NB 512 Agua Potable-Requisitos MINISTERIO DE SERVICIOS Y OBRAS PÚBLICAS VICEMINISTERIO DE SERVICIOS BÁSICOS.
Nir, O., Herzberg, M., & Lahav, O. (2013). A new, energy-efficient approach for boron removal from SWRO plants. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(7–9), 1651–1656. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.698801
Prats, D., Chillon-Arias, M. F., & Rodriguez-Pastor, M. (2000). Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis. In Desalination (Vol. 128). www.elsevier.com/locate/desal
Princi, M. P., Lupini, A., Araniti, F., Longo, C., Mauceri, A., Sunseri, F., & Abenavoli, M. R. (2016). Boron Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant Metal Interaction, 115–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803158-2.00005-9
Ruiz-García, A., & Nuez, I. (2021). Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107441
Shocron, A. N., Uwayid, R., Guyes, E. N., Dykstra, J. E., & Suss, M. E. (2023a). Order-of-magnitude enhancement in boron removal by membrane-free capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142722
Shocron, A. N., Uwayid, R., Guyes, E. N., Dykstra, J. E., & Suss, M. E. (2023b). Order-of-magnitude enhancement in boron removal by membrane-free capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142722
Soto-Ramírez, R., Barrientos, N., Videla, S., & Chamy, R. (2025). Improving irrigation water quality using a pilot algal treatment system: A case study from northern Chile. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101281
Tagliabue, M., de Folly d’Auris, A., Pacini, A., Bellettato, M., Marra, G., Perucchini, S., Mazzara, C., Lagrotta, E., & Vocciante, M. (2025). Effect of Sulfoaluminate Clinker Addition on Boron Removal During Water Softening. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168890
Xu, J., Gao, X., Chen, G., Zou, L., & Gao, C. (2010). High performance boron removal from seawater by two-pass SWRO system with different membranes. Water Supply, 10(3), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2010.397
Yavuz, E., Arar, Ö., Yüksel, M., Yüksel, Ü., & Kabay, N. (2013a). Removal of boron from geothermal water by RO system-II-effect of pH. Desalination, 310, 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.044
Yavuz, E., Arar, Ö., Yüksel, M., Yüksel, Ü., & Kabay, N. (2013b). Removal of boron from geothermal water by RO system-II-effect of pH. Desalination, 310, 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.044
Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Dong, M., Li, M., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Boron removal by iron-aluminum combined anodes from fracturing flowback fluid: Advantages and mechanisms. Desalination and Water Treatment, 317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100127
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